Ethereum completed its transition from experiment to global infrastructure in 2025, marked by major protocol upgrades, regulatory clarity, institutional adoption, booming L2 ecosystems, and growing use across finance, AI, privacy, and real-world assets.

"pectra enabled account abstraction for every wallet: transaction batching, gas sponsorship, passkey authentication. your phone's secure enclave can now sign ethereum transactions directly. the friction that made crypto feel like crypto is disappearing. fusaka made transactions radically cheaper. peerdas lets validators sample blob data instead of downloading everything. 8x more capacity, same hardware. ethereum's scaling thesis vindicated. validators raised gas limits thrice without a hardfork. 30M to 36M in february, 36M to 45M in july, and 45M to 60M in november. ethereum learned to improve without upgrading."

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