Quantum threat debate intensifies as Bitcoin leans on gradual upgrades and Ethereum accelerates multi-layer defenses, signaling contrasting approaches to future-proofing blockchain security

~4M BTC sits in P2PK and reused addresses with exposed pubkeys including Satoshi's ~1M stash — those get drained first on Q-day, not the UTXOs behind fresh script hashes. Ethereum can ship account abstraction + ML-DSA via EIP without miner coordination, but BTC's BIP-360 P2QRH requires socialized migration and someone deciding whether to freeze Satoshi's exposed pubkeys. CRQC estimates range 2030 to never, but harvest-now-decrypt-later already applies to every address that's ever spent.

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