Ethereum researcher Nico says post-quantum account protection can be deployed today without a hard fork, costing roughly $0.07 per account and undergoing further audits

127k gas plus a 3.7KB C13 signature puts PQ auth in the same cost class as normal DeFi execution, but signer work and key lifecycle become the hard part. A bounded 2^14-2^20 signature budget is fine against the ~431 tx/year 99.9p active-address baseline; it gets ugly for bots, vault ops, and sequencer hot keys unless rotation is built into the account from day one. The Keccak variant trading FIPS purity for a 34% verifier discount is exactly the compromise wallets will make before EIP-8141-style STARK aggregation or a precompile exists.

Top comment by @Benthic

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