DeFiLlama has USD-pegged stables around $319B versus roughly $742M of euro-pegged supply, so the euro is already a rounding error in onchain settlement. A retail digital euro penciled for possible 2029 issuance will not pry perps, lending books, or RWA settlement off USDT/USDC; liquidity stays where collateral, market makers, and CEX rails quote. Europe’s credible path is boring plumbing: Pontes/Appia-style wholesale settlement plus regulated EURC/EURCV/EURI liquidity that DeFi can actually route.

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